The introduction explains that traditional ideas of government based on the central authority of the nation-state have been challenged by new patterns of decision-making involving international organizations, regional governments, local authorities, private organizations, and civil society groups. The editors introduce multi-level governance as a framework for understanding how power and responsibility are increasingly shared across different levels and networks of actors. The book examines how this concept has developed, especially through studies of the European Union, and considers both its usefulness and limitations as an approach to understanding modern politics. The introduction emphasizes the need for new ways of analyzing governance that move beyond traditional state-centred perspectives and recognize the complex relationships between governmental and non-governmental actors

The introduction explains that multinational enterprises (MNEs) have become central actors in the global economy through their investments, production networks, innovation, and international operations. The authors discuss how globalization, technological change, and the liberalization of trade and investment have transformed the role of MNEs in economic development. They introduce a comprehensive framework for understanding why firms expand across national borders, how they organize their international activities, and the effects of these activities on host and home countries. The introduction also highlights the importance of institutions, government policies, and competitive advantages in shaping multinational business. The book aims to provide students, researchers, policymakers, and business professionals with an integrated understanding of the theories, strategies, and economic impacts of multinational enterprises in an increasingly interconnected world.